Category Archives: education

Language Lessons in Moldova

From Lenin’s Asylum: Two Years in Moldova, by A. A. Weiss (Everytime Press, 2018), Kindle pp. 26-27:

Our language instructor gave us directions to a landmark in the center of town, and we soon realized the directions had been intentionally complicated so that we’d have to ask questions of locals. Away from headquarters, we passed a yellow, onion-top church and were then sucked into the central bazaar, an outdoor black hole of discount merchandise. Anyone dealing any type of transaction came at us with booming Slavic accents, as if their words need only enter our physical space to stun us and take control of our wallets. I considered buying cheese, batteries, soap packets, tin cups for drinking, but managed to pass through without losing money.

Vendors conversed with their friends in shouts from stall to stall. Flip-flops, light machinery, dried fish, bulk tea, clothing, duplicates of keys, endless buckets of salted cheese, olives, rice, cucumbers, tomatoes, liters of wine in reused soda bottles. These vendors were the types who’d ridden with me on the bus in the morning—old babushkas selling whatever they had too much of at home. Grandchildren ran wild in the corridors of the bazaar, dashing in between, behind, and under the vendor stalls with their rubber toy guns.

It seemed everyone in the capital spoke only Russian. Romanian might have been spoken at home among family members, but Russian was the language of money, spoken openly at shops and on the streets. And though I understood the majority of volunteers sent to Moldova would learn Romanian in order to serve the poorest communities, I didn’t envy them. Unlike other colleagues, Jesse and I would never complain about policemen and bazaar women refusing (or unable) to speak Romanian, checks from all restaurants presented in the Cyrillic alphabet, and host families only speaking an angry-sounding foreign language to them at home, expecting them to respond to the sharp sounds as though they were dogs.

The din of commerce activity decreased once we left the maze of the bazaar. We hadn’t yet asked directions, still waiting for someone who appeared within our age range to approach. A girl walked fast and picked up speed as we addressed her, perhaps to shorten our opportunity to harass her. But she stopped shortly after passing us, having responded to the softness and insecurity in our accents. She pointed toward a busy intersection a block away and seemed disappointed that we ended our conversation by wishing her health and happiness. I think she wanted to tell us her name. At the intersection a woman selling popcorn perked up when she heard our accents and pointed across the street to a sidewalk art sale. At the art bazaar a man selling Russian stacking dolls said we were on the right track and asked where we were from, and recommended dolls to match any personality. He thought our accents sounded Polish. A block farther we stopped another girl and she pointed across the street to our destination.

McDonald’s.

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Filed under economics, education, language, Moldova, nationalism, Romania, Russia

Polish Realia: Samurai Armor

From Czas Samurajów exhibit, Muzeum Narodowe w Lublinie, Lublin:

zbroja (yoroi) ‘armor‘

hełm (kabuto) ‘helmet’
ozdoba hełmu (maedate) ‘front crest’
nakarczek (shikoro) ‘neckguard’
maska (menpou) ‘mask’
osłona gardła i szyi (tare) ‘throat [and neck] protector’
naramienniki (sode) ‘shoulder guards’
naręczaki (kote) ‘arm protector’
kirys (dou) ‘cuirass’
osłona bioder (kusazuri) ‘hip guards’
nabiodrki (haidate) ‘thigh guards’
nagolenniki (suneate) ‘greave’ [shin guards]

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Polish Realia: Japanese Sword Parts

From Czas Samurajów exhibit, Muzeum Narodowe w Lublinie, Lublin:

Blade parts:
sztych (kissaki) ‘point of blade’
długość główni (nagasa) ‘length of a blade’
krzywizna główni (sori) ‘curvature of a blade’
tylec (mune) ‘back of a blade’
ość (sinogi) ‘ridge’
trzpień główni (nakago) ‘tang of the blade’ [inside the handle]
otwór na kołek (mekugi-ana) ‘peg hole’ [to hold the blade in the handle]
sygnatura (mei) ‘signature’ [inside the handle]
krawędź ostrza (ha) ‘cutting edge’ [lit. ‘tooth’?]
wzór po skuwaniu (hada) ‘pattern after forging’ [lit. ‘skin’?]
linia hartowania ostrza (hamon) ‘tempering line of the blade’
linia hartowania sztychu (boshi) ‘tempering line of the kissaki‘

Scabbard parts:
pochwa (saya) ‘scabbard’
zakończenie pochwy (kojiri) ‘end of a scabbard’
sznur (sageo) ‘cord’
uszko do sznura (kurigata) ‘cord knob’
jelec (tsuba) ‘swordguard’ [or ‘handguard’]
kołnierz rękojeści (fuchi) ‘hilt collar’
rękojeść (tsuka) ‘hilt’
oplot rękojeści (tsuka-maki) ‘handle wrapping’
ozdoba rękojeści (menuki) ‘hilt ornament’
kołek (mekugi) ‘peg’
skóra płaszczki (samegawa) ‘ray skin’ [or ‘sharkskin’]
nasadka (kashira) ‘hilt pommel’

Handguard parts:
krawędź
(mimi) ‘rim’
otwór na trzpień główni (nakago ana) ‘[main blade] tang hole’
otwór bocny na nożyk kozuka 
(kozuka hitsu ana) ‘side hole for a kozuka knife’
otwór bocny na szpilę kougai (kougai-hitsu-ana) ‘side hole for a kougai hairpin’
powierzchnia (hiraji) ‘surface’
wkładki dopasowujące (sekigane) ‘metal inserts’

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Polish Realia: Longest City Name

Najdłuższa nazwa miasta w Polsce
The longest city name in Poland

To miasto ma najdłuższą nazwę w Polsce! Znajdziecie je w Świętokrzyskiem
This city has the longest name in Poland! You can find it in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. via Radio Eska [SK] by Agnieszka Jędrasik

Jaka jest najdłuższa nazwa miasta w województwie świętokrzyskim? Liczy się każda literka, a tych najwięcej ma Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski. I tu ciekawostka … miasto to zajmuje także pierwsze miejsce w Polsce, jeśli chodzi o długość jego nazwy. O innych ciekawostkach dotyczących długości nazwy miast i miasteczek w regionie świętokrzyskim przeczytacie w naszym artykule.
What is the longest city name in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship? Every letter counts, and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski has the most. And here’s an interesting fact… this city also ranks first in Poland when it comes to the length of its name. You can read about other interesting facts about the length of names of cities and towns in the Świętokrzyskie region in our article.

Najdłuższa nazwa miasta w Polsce liczy sobie 22 litery. To Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.
The longest city name in Poland has 22 letters. It’s Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.

Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski jest drugim co do wielkości miastem województwa świętokrzyskiego. Mieszka w nim ponad 67 tys. osób. Obecnie jest siedzibą powiatu, prawa miejskie uzyskał zaś w 1613 r. Będąc jednym z głównych ośrodków Staropolskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego, odziedziczył tradycje hutnicze, których wizytówką jest kombinat metalurgiczny Huta Ostrowiec. Miasto położone jest nad rzeką Kamienną. Niedaleko od niego rozpościerają się cenione turystycznie Góry Świętokrzyskie. Nazwa Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski funkcjonuje od 1937 r. Wcześniej nazywane było Ostrowcem Kieleckim lub Ostrowcem nad Kamienną. 
Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski
 is the second largest city in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, with a population of over 67,000. Currently the county seat, it received city rights in 1613. As one of the main centers of the Old Polish Industrial Region, it inherited a tradition of metallurgy, epitomized by the Ostrowiec Steelworks. The city is situated on the Kamienna River, with the tourist-friendly Świętokrzyskie Mountains nearby. The name Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski has been in use since 1937. Previously, it was known as Ostrowiec Kielecki or Ostrowiec nad Kamienna. 

Najdłuższe nazwy miast w Polsce: lista długich nazw miejscowości
The longest city names in Poland: a list of long place names.

Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski – 22 letters.
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska – 20 letters.
Grodzisk Wielkopolski – 20 letters.
Czechowice-Dziedzice – 20 letters.
Baranów Sandomierski – 19 letters.
Aleksandrów Kujawski – 19 letters.

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Nabbed at Heathrow, 1968

From Hellhound On His Trail: The Electrifying Account of the Largest Manhunt In American History, by Hampton Sides (Knopf Doubleday, 2010), Kindle pp. 365-366:

“Passport please,” a young immigration officer named Kenneth Human said when Sneyd approached the window.

Sneyd fished his wallet out of a coat pocket. From an inside fold, he retrieved a dark blue Canadian passport, which the officer opened and studied. Officer Human glanced at Sneyd, and then back at the passport photo. Nothing seemed untoward: the same man, the same glasses, everything matched.

Then Human saw another passport, peeking from Sneyd’s billfold. “May I see that other one?” he asked.

Sneyd handed the officer the second passport, which was clearly stamped “Canceled.”

“Why are the names different?” Human asked, noting that one said “Sneyd” and the other said “Sneya.”

Sneyd explained that his original passport, issued in Ottawa, had contained the misspelling—simply a clerical error—but that he’d had it corrected as soon as possible while in Portugal.

Officer Human appeared to be buying Sneyd’s explanation. But at this point, a Scotland Yard detective materialized—a slender, fastidious man with blue eyes and a trim mustache named Philip Birch. While Sneyd and the customs officer continued talking about the passport, Birch studied the Canadian’s face and movements. He had an “absent-minded professorial air” about him, Birch thought, but something about the traveler looked familiar. He seemed to recall seeing the man’s photograph in the pages of the Police Gazette.

Birch ran his finger down a list of names typed on an official Scotland Yard document that was labeled “Watch For and Detain.” Under the heading “All Ports Warning,” the Canadian’s name jumped off the page: Ramon George Sneyd.

Detective Birch tapped Sneyd on the shoulder. “I say, old fellow,” he later recalled telling the subject. “Would you mind stepping over here for a moment? I’d like to have a word with you.”

Seemingly more annoyed than alarmed, Sneyd glanced at his watch. “But my plane’s leaving soon.”

“Oh, this will only take a moment,” Birch assured him in a chipper tone. “May I see those passports, please?”

Two policemen joined Birch, and the three men escorted Sneyd across the busy terminal toward a police administrative office. Sneyd believed this was all just a routine passport mix-up, and so he remained grudgingly cooperative. Should things turn dicey, there was always the loaded revolver in his pocket. As far as he could see, this friendly trio of officers did not carry weapons.

When they arrived at the office, Birch turned and faced Sneyd. “Would you mind if I searched you?” he asked. Sneyd raised his arms and offered no protest.

Carefully patting him down, Birch quickly discovered the revolver: a Japanese-made .38-caliber Liberty Chief—its checkered walnut stock wrapped with black electrical tape. Birch spun the revolver and found five rounds of ammunition.

“Why are you carrying this gun?” Birch asked in an even tone.

“Well,” Sneyd replied. “I’m going to Africa. I thought I might need it. You know how things are there.” For the first time, a note of alarm had edged into his voice.

Birch handed the revolver to one of the other policemen and continued frisking the suspect. In Sneyd’s pockets, Birch found a little booklet on rifle silencers and a blank key, of the sort that a locksmith might carry. Sneyd had a small amount of money—less than sixty pounds—on his person.

“I have reason to believe you have committed an arrestable offense,” Birch said, and told Sneyd he was being detained. Now he would be missing his flight. Sneyd slumped in his chair.

The officer got on the phone and tried to have Sneyd’s bag pulled from the plane—but it was too late, the jet was already easing back from the gate. Then Birch called Scotland Yard headquarters and informed his superiors that just two days after being placed on the “All Ports Warning,” Ramon George Sneyd was now in police custody.

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Filed under biography, Britain, Canada, education, migration, U.S.

Polish Realia: Japan’s Golden Week

From Moja Japonia, by Anna Golisz (Petrus, 2010), p. 218 (with Google Translations into English):

Showa day – 29 kwietnia – dzień urodzin cesarza Showa. Przed 2007 roku, tego dnia był obchodzony Zielony Dzień, który teraz obchodzony jest 4 maja. Ten dzień jest częścią długiego majowego weekendu (Golden Week)
Showa Day – 29 April – Emperor Showa’s birthday. Before 2007, this day was celebrated as Green Day, which is now celebrated on May 4. This day is part of the long May weekend (Golden Week)

Dzień Konstytucji – kenpo kinenbi – 3 maja
Constitution Day – 憲法記念日 – 3 May

Zielony Dzień – midori no hi -4 maja, do 2006 roku obchodzono 29 kwietnia, gdyż były to urodziny cesarza Showa, który lubił rośliny i przyrodę
Green Day – みどりの日 – 4 May. Until 2006, April 29 was celebrated, as it was the birthday of Emperor Showa, who liked plants and nature

Dzień Dziecka – kodomo no hi – 5 May, przede wszytkim dzień chłopców
Children’s Day – 子供の日 – 5 May, originally Boys’ Day

Until 1948, Children’s Day on May 5 was known as Boys’ Day, which featured displays of samurai dolls, while March 3 was Girls’ Day, Hinamatsuri, which featured displays of princess dolls. (I was born in 1949, first arrived in Japan in 1950, and had 3 brothers born in Japan, but didn’t have a sister until 1956, when we were on furlough in the U.S.)

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Firearms Identification in 1968

From Hellhound On His Trail: The Electrifying Account of the Largest Manhunt In American History, by Hampton Sides (Knopf Doubleday, 2010), Kindle pp. 240-241:

ON ANOTHER FLOOR of the FBI Crime Lab, Robert A. Frazier spent the morning examining and test-firing the Remington Gamemaster after it had been dusted for fingerprints. A ferociously methodical man with nearly three decades’ experience, Frazier was the chief of the FBI’s Firearms Identification Unit, where a team of ballistics experts worked around the clock in what was widely considered the world’s preeminent weapons-testing facility. Here technicians fired rifles into water recovery tanks, examined bullet fragments and firearms components under high-powered microscopes, and subjected objects to arcane tests to detect such things as the presence of gunpowder and lead.

Within a few hours, Frazier and his team had made a long list of important preliminary findings.

First, the projectile which Dr. Francisco had extracted from Martin Luther King’s body only a few hours earlier was a .30-caliber metal-jacketed, soft-nosed bullet made by the Remington-Peters Company—identical in manufacture to the unused Remington-Peters .30-06 rounds found in the ammo box that was part of the bundle.

Second, Frazier was able to ascertain the kind of barrel from which the bullet was fired. The barrels of modern firearms are “rifled” with spiral grooves that are designed to give bullets a rapid spinning motion for stability during flight. The raised portions between the grooves are known as lands. The number, width, and direction of twist of the lands and grooves are called the class characteristics of a barrel, and are common to all firearms of a given model and manufacture. Frazier determined that the bullet that killed King had been fired from a barrel “rifled with six lands and grooves, right twist,” and that the Gamemaster, analyzed under a microscope in his laboratory, exhibited the same land-and-groove pattern.

Third, the spent cartridge that Special Agent Jensen had removed from the chamber had been fired in the same Gamemaster rifle, as evidenced by a tiny “extractor mark” Frazier found imprinted on the metal casing. At the base of this spent cartridge case, Frazier discovered a head stamp that said, “R-P .30-06 SPRG,” indicating that it was a Remington-Peters round of the same caliber as the ammunition found in the ammo box.

Frazier concluded, based on the “physical characteristics of the rifling impressions” as well as other factors, that the bullet removed from King’s body could have been fired from the Remington Gamemaster. However, he could not say with scientific certainty that the bullet came from this rifle, “to the exclusion of all other rifles.” This was because the bullet, as he described it in his report, “had been distorted due to mutilation” as it struck hard bone while passing through King’s body.

Frazier knew that the mechanical components of individual firearms (such as the firing pin and breech face) have distinctive microscopic traits that can engrave telltale markings on bullets. The tiny striations often found on fired bullets are known as individual identifying characteristics and are, in effect, the ballistics equivalent of a fingerprint. Frazier had hoped the bullet that killed King would exhibit these telltale markings, but it didn’t: the round, having been chipped, dented, warped, and broken into several discrete parts, was missing the critical information.

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Fingerprint Matching in 1968

From Hellhound On His Trail: The Electrifying Account of the Largest Manhunt In American History, by Hampton Sides (Knopf Doubleday, 2010), Kindle pp. 238-239:

AT THE FBI Crime Lab in Washington, the fingerprint expert George Bonebrake spent the early-morning hours of April 5 poring over the contents of the package that had been couriered up from Memphis. A slight, fastidious man, Bonebrake was one of the world’s foremost authorities on dactyloscopy, the study and classification of finger and palm prints. Bonebrake had worked as a fingerprint examiner for the FBI since 1941. His was an esoteric profession within the crime-fighting universe—more art, it was said, than science, a closed world of forensic analysis predicated on a foundation of facts so incredible that a thousand bad TV detective shows over the decades had done little to diminish the essential mystery: that the complex friction-ridge patterns on human fingertips and palms, unique to every individual on earth, carry trace amounts of an oily residue excreted from pores that, when impressed upon certain kinds of surfaces, can be “raised” through the use of special dusting powders or chemicals—and then photographed and viewed on cards.

As far-fetched as the discipline seemed to most laymen, fingerprint analysis by 1968 had been the standard technique of criminal identification for more than half a century. It replaced a bizarre and not terribly accurate method of French origin called the Bertillon system, which required the careful measuring of a criminal’s earlobes and other anatomical parts. Fingerprinting wasn’t perfect, but it was the best system in existence for narrowing the pool of potential culprits in many situations. In many cases, fingerprinting was a godsend, providing the breakthrough that solved the crime.

In 1968, the FBI categorized fingerprints according to the Henry classification system, which was developed by Britain in the late nineteenth century. The system recognizes three primary friction-ridge patterns—arches, loops, and whorls. Loops, the most common pattern, are assigned a numerical value according to the number of ridges contained within each pattern found on each digit. Loop patterns can be further described as “radial” or “ulnar,” depending on which direction their microscopic tails point.

Bonebrake got started with his meticulous work shortly after dawn. Most of the prints that he found were fragments or smudges that contained little or no information of value. The twenty-dollar bills that Mrs. Bessie Brewer had provided yielded no usable prints whatsoever. Eventually, however, Bonebrake was able to lift six high-quality specimens from the Remington rifle, the Redfield scope, the Bushnell binoculars, the front section of the Commercial Appeal, the bottle of Mennen Afta aftershave lotion, and one of the Schlitz beer cans.

Most of these prints appeared to come from different fingers, but already Bonebrake could tell that two of the prints—those taken from the rifle and the binoculars—were from the same digit of the same individual. Both seemed to have been deposited by a left thumb, and, upon further study, the print pattern would turn out to be unmistakable: an ulnar loop of twelve ridge counts.

This was an important find. The FBI had the fingerprints of more than eighty-two million individuals on file—a number obviously too large to work with, as fingerprint examiners had to do all matching the old-fashioned way, by hand, eyeball, and magnifying glass. This tiny little detail, however, narrowed the search considerably: an ulnar loop of twelve ridge counts on the left thumb. Bonebrake’s task was still formidable, but now he had something definite on which to draw comparisons. He made large black-and-white blowups of all six of the latent prints, and then he and his team got started.

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Polish Guide for Hebrew Gravemarkers

In an old Jewish shop in the Village Museum of Kielce (Muzeum Wsi Kieleckiej), I came across a very interesting poster to help Polish Jews inscribe gravestones in Hebrew.

Przykładowe Symbole Zawodu Zmarłego
Example Symbols of the Profession of the Deceased

Gęsie pióro – symbol skryby przepisującego Torę lub pisarza i literata
Goose feather – symbol of a scribe copying the Torah or a writer and intellectual

Wąż eskulapa – symbol lekarzy
Snake of Aesclepius (Caduceus) – symbol of a medical doctor

Możdzierz – symbol aptekarzy
Mortar – symbol of an apothecarist/pharmacist

Ekierka i cyrkiel – symbol inżynierów i architektów
Square and compass – symbol of engineers and architects

Lira lub harfa – symbol muzyków
Lyre or harp – symbol of musicians

Zegar – symbol zegarmistrzów
Clock – symbol of watchmakers

Napisy Nagrobne na Macewach
Tombstone Inscriptions on Matzevah
(with two columns, Hebrew column omitted here)

Tu pochowany (po nikbar) Here is buried
Ojciec father
Matka mother
Admor (nasz nauczyciel, pan i mistrz) rebbe (our teacher, lord, and master)
Cadyk (błogosławowionej pamięci) tzadik (of blessed memory)
Syn son
Córka daughter
Mężczyzna man
Kobieta woman
Kobieta (niezamężna) woman (unmarried)
Kobieta (zamężna) woman (married)
Moja żona my wife
Kohen (członek rodu kapłańskiego) Cohen (member of a priestly family)
Zmarł died

Miesiące
Months
(listing Hebrew month names with roughly overlapping Polish months)

image here

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Polish Realia: Bee Dances

Taniec pszczeli Bee dance

Pszczoły przekazują sobie informacje za pomocą “pszczelych tańców.” Jest to system zożłonych figur, jakie zakreślają poruszając się po plastrze.
Bees transmit information to each other through “bee dances.” It is a system of complex figures that they circle as they move around the comb.

Kierunek tańca zbieraczki na plastrze jest wyznaczany położeniem pożytku w stosunku do słońca.
The direction of the forager’s dance on the comb is determined by the position of the resource in relation to the sun.

Taki system przekazywania informacji pozwala dotrzeć na pożytek oddalony nawet kilka kilometrów od ula.
Such a system of information transfer allows you to reach the resource even a few kilometers away from the hive

Zbieraczka powracająca do ula przekazuje informacji o tym, jak daleko jest pożytek. Robotnice pozostają w bezruchu a tańcząca zbieraczka uderza przy każdym ruchu odwłocha w ich wyprostowane cułki.
The forager returning to the hive provides information about how far away the resource is. The workers remain motionless, and the dancing forager hits their erect antennae with every movement of her abdomen.

Rodzaje tańca pszczelego Types of bee dance

Tańce werbunkowe zbieraczek informują pszczoły w ulu o obesności pożytku i jego polożeniu względem ula.
The foraging dances inform the bees in the hive about the usefulness of the resource and its position in relation to the hive.

Taniec alarmowe wykonują pszczoły zbieraczki po przyniesieniu do ula pokarmu zanieczy-scczonego szkodliwymi substancjami. Polega on na ruchu tych pszczół torze spiralnym lub zygzakowatym z jednoczesnym potrząsaniem odwłokiem.
The alarm dance is performed by foraging bees after bringing food contaminated with harmful substances to the hive. It consists in the movement of these bees in a spiral or zigzag path with simultaneous shaking of the abdomen.

Taniec czyszczący ma zachęcić inne pszczoły do czyszczenia ciała tancerki, która wstrząca ciałem i przestępuje z nogi na nogę.
The cleansing dance is supposed to encourage other bees to clean the body of the dancer, who shakes her body and steps from foot to foot.

Taniec radości, czylie grzbietowo brzuszną wibrację odwłoka, wykonują robotnice przygotowujące młodą matkę do lotu godowego.
The dance of joy, which is the dorsal abdominal vibration of the abdomen, is performed by workers preparing the young mother for the mating flight.

Taniec masażowy wykonywany przez robotnicę pobudza jej towarzyszki do “masowania” jej żuwaczkami i języczkiem.
The massage dance performed by the worker stimulates her companions to “massage” her jaws and tongue.

Image here.

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